Tic Tac Toe and Lights Out Game

A project to build an Arduino powered Tic Tac Toe and Lights Out game board.

Sep 10, 2020

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9120 views

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3 respects

toys

entertainment system

games

Components and supplies

Screw to suit standoffs

Pushbutton Switch, Momentary

Arduino UNO

Standoff 25mm

Resistor 220 ohm

Breadboard (generic)

Rubber feet

Dual colour LED

Shift Register- Serial to Parallel

Jumper wires (generic)

Resistor 100 ohm

Tools and machines

Laser cutter (generic)

Solder Wire, Lead Free

Soldering iron (generic)

Apps and platforms

Arduino IDE

Project description

Code

Tic Tac Toe and Lights Out Game Code

arduino

Main game code

1// ####################################
2// #                                  #
3//   #  Tic Tac Toe & Lights Out Games  #
4// #                                  #
5//   #           for  Arduino           #
6// #                                  #
7//   #           by Mark 2013           #
8// #                                  #
9//   #  Details on Arduino Project Hub  #
10// #                                  #
11//   ####################################
12
13// global constants
14const int player   = 1;
15const int computer = 2;
16
17// global variables
18// variables for buttons
19//   voltage for each button pressed, measured with multimeter, 10th value is minimum   value for boundary setting
20float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,   0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10};
21float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for   button detection
22
23int button; // last button pressed (0-8)
24
25// light   variables
26int lights[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // 0 = off, 1 = red, 2   = green
27int flash[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // used for flashing winning   line in tic tac toe game
28
29// game variables
30int gameSelected = 0; // 0   = none, 1 = tic tac toe, 2 = lights out
31
32// shift register variables
33int   latchPin = 8;
34int clockPin = 12;
35int dataPin = 11;
36
37// binary LED values
38int   byte1 = 0;
39int byte2 = 0;
40int byte3 = 0;
41
42void setup() {
43  // set   pins for shift registers
44  pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
45  pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);   
46  pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);
47
48  // set boundaries for button voltages
49   for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
50    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]   - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
51  }
52
53  // enable serial port
54  Serial.begin(9600);
55}
56
57void   loop() {
58  button = getButtonPush();
59  // menu selection
60  if (gameSelected   == 0){
61    displayMenu();
62    if (button == 0 || button == 2 || button ==   3 || button == 5 || button == 6 || button == 8){
63      gameSelected = 1;
64     }
65    if (button == 1 || button == 4 || button == 7){
66      gameSelected   = 2;
67    }
68  }
69// game 1, tic tac toe
70  if (gameSelected == 1){
71     playTickTackToe();
72  }
73  
74// game 2, lights out
75  if (gameSelected   == 2){
76    playLightsOut();
77  }
78  refreshDisplay();
79  delay(50);
80}
81
82int   getButtonPush() {
83  int sensorValue;
84  float inputVoltage;
85  int pressed   = -1;
86  
87  // read input value and convert to voltage
88  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
89   inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
90  
91  // convert to button number
92   if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
93    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
94      if (boundaries[i]   < inputVoltage){
95        pressed = i;
96      }
97    }
98    // wait until   button is released before returning
99    while (inputVoltage > 0.1){
100      sensorValue   = analogRead(A0);
101      inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
102    }
103   }
104  return pressed;
105}
106
107void displayMenu() {
108  // set led pattern   for menu
109  lights[0] = 1;
110  lights[1] = 2;
111  lights[2] = 1;
112  lights[3]   = 1;
113  lights[4] = 2;
114  lights[5] = 1;
115  lights[6] = 1;
116  lights[7]   = 2;
117  lights[8] = 1;
118}
119
120void refreshDisplay() {
121  byte1 = 0;
122   byte2 = 0;
123  byte3 = 0;
124  if (lights[0] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000001;}
125   if (lights[1] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000010;}
126  if (lights[2] == 1){byte1   = byte1 ^ B00000100;}
127  if (lights[3] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00001000;}
128  if   (lights[4] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00010000;}
129  if (lights[5] == 1){byte1 = byte1   ^ B00100000;}
130  if (lights[6] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B01000000;}
131  if (lights[7]   == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B10000000;}
132  if (lights[8] == 1){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000001;}
133
134   if (lights[0] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000010;}
135  if (lights[1] == 2){byte2   = byte2 ^ B00000100;}
136  if (lights[2] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00001000;}
137  if   (lights[3] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00010000;}
138  if (lights[4] == 2){byte2 = byte2   ^ B00100000;}
139  if (lights[5] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B01000000;}
140  if (lights[6]   == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B10000000;}
141  if (lights[7] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000001;}
142   if (lights[8] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000010;}
143
144  setLEDs();
145}
146
147void   setLEDs(){
148  digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
149  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST,   byte3);
150  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte2);
151  shiftOut(dataPin,   clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte1);
152  digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
153}
154
155void   playTickTackToe() {
156  int gameState = 1;
157  clearBoard();
158  while (gameState   == 1) {
159    button = -1;
160    refreshDisplay();
161    button = getButtonPush();
162     if (lights[button] == 0) {
163      lights[button] = 1;
164      gameState =   checkForWin();
165      refreshDisplay();
166      if (gameState == 1) {
167        delay(500);
168         computerMove();
169        refreshDisplay();
170        gameState = checkForWin();
171       }
172    }
173  }
174  showWinner(gameState);
175  clearBoard();
176  refreshDisplay();
177   delay(2000);
178  gameState = 0;
179  gameSelected = 0;
180}
181
182void showWinner(int   gameState) {
183  flash[0] = lights[0];
184  flash[1] = lights[1];
185  flash[2]   = lights[2];
186  flash[3] = lights[3];
187  flash[4] = lights[4];
188  flash[5]   = lights[5];
189  flash[6] = lights[6];
190  flash[7] = lights[7];
191  flash[8]   = lights[8];
192  if (lights[0] == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] ==   player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
193  if (lights[3] == player   && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5]   = 0; }
194  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)   { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
195  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3]   == player && lights[6] == player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
196   if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[7] == player) { flash[1]   = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
197  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5] ==   player && lights[8] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
198   if (lights[0] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { flash[0]   = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
199  if (lights[2] == player && lights[4] ==   player && lights[6] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
200   if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer && lights[2] == computer) {   flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
201  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]   == computer && lights[5] == computer) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5] = 0;   }
202  if (lights[6] == computer && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer)   { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
203  if (lights[0] == computer &&   lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6]   = 0; }
204  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)   { flash[1] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
205  if (lights[2] == computer &&   lights[5] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8]   = 0; }
206  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[8] == computer)   { flash[0] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
207  if (lights[2] == computer &&   lights[4] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6]   = 0; }
208  swapLightsAndFlash();
209  refreshDisplay();
210  for (int i = 0; i   < 20; i++) {
211    delay(200);
212    swapLightsAndFlash();
213    refreshDisplay();
214   }
215}
216
217void swapLightsAndFlash() {
218  int temp[] = {lights[0], lights[1],   lights[2], lights[3], lights[4], lights[5], lights[6], lights[7], lights[8]};
219   lights[0] = flash[0];
220  lights[1] = flash[1];
221  lights[2] = flash[2];
222   lights[3] = flash[3];
223  lights[4] = flash[4];
224  lights[5] = flash[5];
225   lights[6] = flash[6];
226  lights[7] = flash[7];
227  lights[8] = flash[8];
228   flash[0] = temp[0];
229  flash[1] = temp[1];
230  flash[2] = temp[2];
231  flash[3]   = temp[3];
232  flash[4] = temp[4];
233  flash[5] = temp[5];
234  flash[6] = temp[6];
235   flash[7] = temp[7];
236  flash[8] = temp[8];
237}
238
239void computerMove() {
240   int bias[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
241  int bestMove = -1;
242  int topBias   = 0;
243  // can computer win
244  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 1, 2);
245   bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 4, 8);
246  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0,   3, 6);
247  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1, 0, 2);
248  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1,   4, 7);
249  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 0, 1);
250  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2,   4, 6);
251  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 5, 8);
252  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3,   0, 6);
253  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3, 4, 5);
254  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,   0, 8);
255  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 1, 7);
256  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,   2, 6);
257  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 3, 5);
258  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5,   2, 8);
259  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5, 3, 4);
260  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,   0, 3);
261  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6, 2, 4);
262  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,   7, 8);
263  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7, 1, 4);
264  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7,   6, 8);
265  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 0, 4);
266  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8,   2, 5);
267  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 6, 7);
268  // can computer stop the   human from winning
269  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 1, 2);
270  bias[0] =   bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 4, 8);
271  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 3, 6);
272   bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1, 0, 2);
273  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1,   4, 7);
274  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 0, 1);
275  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2,   4, 6);
276  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 5, 8);
277  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3,   0, 6);
278  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3, 4, 5);
279  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,   0, 8);
280  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 1, 7);
281  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,   2, 6);
282  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 3, 5);
283  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5,   2, 8);
284  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5, 3, 4);
285  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,   0, 3);
286  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6, 2, 4);
287  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,   7, 8);
288  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7, 1, 4);
289  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7,   6, 8);
290  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 0, 4);
291  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8,   2, 5);
292  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 6, 7);
293  // add a small random   value to each possible move
294  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
295    if (lights[i]   == 0) {
296      bias[i] = bias[i] + random(1, 5);
297    }
298  }
299  // get best   move
300  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
301    if (bias[i] > topBias) {
302      topBias   = bias[i];
303      bestMove = i;
304    }
305  }
306  // make move
307  if (bestMove   != -1) {
308    lights[bestMove] = computer;
309  }
310}
311
312int getBiasWin(int   thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
313  if (lights[thisPosition]   == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == computer && lights[checkPosition2] == computer)   {
314    return 100;
315  }
316  else {
317    return 0;
318  }
319}
320
321int   getBiasStop(int thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
322  if   (lights[thisPosition] == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == player && lights[checkPosition2]   == player) {
323    return 20;
324  }
325  else {
326    return 0;
327  }
328}
329
330int   checkForWin() {
331  int winState = 1;
332  // check for player win
333  if (lights[0]   == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] == player) { winState = 11; }
334   if (lights[3] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { winState   = 11; }
335  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)   { winState = 11; }
336  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3] == player && lights[6]   == player) { winState = 11; }
337  if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player   && lights[7] == player) { winState = 11; }
338  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5]   == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
339  if (lights[0] == player   && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
340  if (lights[2]   == player && lights[4] == player && lights[6] == player) { winState = 11; }
341   // check for computer win
342  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer   && lights[2] == computer) { winState = 12; }
343  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]   == computer && lights[5] == computer) { winState = 12; }
344  if (lights[6] == computer   && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
345  if (lights[0]   == computer && lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12;   }
346  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)   { winState = 12; }
347  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[5] == computer && lights[8]   == computer) { winState = 12; }
348  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer   && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
349  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[4]   == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12; }
350  // check for draw
351   int draw = 1;
352  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
353    if (lights[i] == 0) {
354       draw = 0;
355    }
356  }
357  if (draw == 1) {
358    winState = 13;
359   }
360  return winState;
361}
362
363void clearBoard() {
364  for (int i = 0; i   < 9; i++) {
365    lights[i] = 0;
366  }
367}
368
369void playLightsOut() {
370   int gameState = 1;
371  int lit = 0;
372  resetBoard();
373  while (gameState   == 1) {
374    button = -1;
375    lit = 0;
376    refreshDisplay(); 
377    button   = getButtonPush();
378    if (lights[button] == 1) {
379      switch (button) {
380         case 0:
381          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
382          lights[1]   = abs(lights[1] - 1);
383          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
384          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
385          break;
386        case 1:
387          lights[0]   = abs(lights[0] - 1);
388          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
389          lights[2]   = abs(lights[2] - 1);
390          break;
391        case 2:
392          lights[1]   = abs(lights[1] - 1);
393          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
394          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
395          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
396          break;
397         case 3:
398          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
399          lights[3]   = abs(lights[3] - 1);
400          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
401          break;
402         case 4:
403          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
404          lights[3]   = abs(lights[3] - 1);
405          lights[4] = abs(lights[4] - 1);
406          lights[5]   = abs(lights[5] - 1);
407          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
408          break;
409         case 5:
410          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
411          lights[5]   = abs(lights[5] - 1);
412          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
413          break;
414         case 6:
415          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
416          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
417          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
418          lights[7]   = abs(lights[7] - 1);
419          break;
420        case 7:
421          lights[6]   = abs(lights[6] - 1);
422          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
423          lights[8]   = abs(lights[8] - 1);
424          break;
425        case 8:
426          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
427          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
428          lights[7]   = abs(lights[7] - 1);
429          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
430      }
431     }
432    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
433      if (lights[i] == 1) {
434        lit++;
435       }
436    }
437    if (lit == 0) {
438      gameState = 0;
439      gameSelected   = 0;
440      delay(200);
441      victoryDisplay();
442    }
443    delay(50);
444   }
445}
446
447void resetBoard() {
448  int lit = 0;
449  randomSeed(analogRead(5));
450   while (lit < 3 || lit > 5) {
451    lit = 0;
452    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)   {
453      lights[i] = random(2);
454      if (lights[i] == 1) {
455        lit++;
456       }
457    }
458  }
459}
460
461void victoryDisplay() {
462  victoryItem(0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
463  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
464    victoryItem(0,   1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
465    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
466    victoryItem(0,   0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0);
467    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
468  }
469   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
470    victoryItem(2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
471     victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
472    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   2, 2, 2);
473    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
474  }
475  for (int i   = 0; i < 4; i++) {
476    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
477    victoryItem(0,   1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
478    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1);
479    victoryItem(0,   1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
480  }
481  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
482    victoryItem(2,   0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2);
483    victoryItem(0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0);
484    victoryItem(0,   0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0);
485    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
486  }
487}
488
489void   victoryItem(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5, int i6, int i7, int   i8) {
490  lights[0] = i0;
491  lights[1] = i1;
492  lights[2] = i2;
493  lights[3]   = i3;
494  lights[4] = i4;
495  lights[5] = i5;
496  lights[6] = i6;
497  lights[7]   = i7;
498  lights[8] = i8;
499  refreshDisplay();
500  delay(100);
501}
502

// ####################################
// #                                  #
//   #  Tic Tac Toe & Lights Out Games  #
// #                                  #
//   #           for  Arduino           #
// #                                  #
//   #           by Mark 2013           #
// #                                  #
//   #  Details on Arduino Project Hub  #
// #                                  #
//   ####################################

// global constants
const int player   = 1;
const int computer = 2;

// global variables
// variables for buttons
//   voltage for each button pressed, measured with multimeter, 10th value is minimum   value for boundary setting
float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,   0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10};
float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for   button detection

int button; // last button pressed (0-8)

// light   variables
int lights[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // 0 = off, 1 = red, 2   = green
int flash[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // used for flashing winning   line in tic tac toe game

// game variables
int gameSelected = 0; // 0   = none, 1 = tic tac toe, 2 = lights out

// shift register variables
int   latchPin = 8;
int clockPin = 12;
int dataPin = 11;

// binary LED values
int   byte1 = 0;
int byte2 = 0;
int byte3 = 0;

void setup() {
  // set   pins for shift registers
  pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);   
  pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);

  // set boundaries for button voltages
   for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]   - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
  }

  // enable serial port
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void   loop() {
  button = getButtonPush();
  // menu selection
  if (gameSelected   == 0){
    displayMenu();
    if (button == 0 || button == 2 || button ==   3 || button == 5 || button == 6 || button == 8){
      gameSelected = 1;
     }
    if (button == 1 || button == 4 || button == 7){
      gameSelected   = 2;
    }
  }
// game 1, tic tac toe
  if (gameSelected == 1){
     playTickTackToe();
  }
  
// game 2, lights out
  if (gameSelected   == 2){
    playLightsOut();
  }
  refreshDisplay();
  delay(50);
}

int   getButtonPush() {
  int sensorValue;
  float inputVoltage;
  int pressed   = -1;
  
  // read input value and convert to voltage
  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
   inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  
  // convert to button number
   if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
      if (boundaries[i]   < inputVoltage){
        pressed = i;
      }
    }
    // wait until   button is released before returning
    while (inputVoltage > 0.1){
      sensorValue   = analogRead(A0);
      inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
    }
   }
  return pressed;
}

void displayMenu() {
  // set led pattern   for menu
  lights[0] = 1;
  lights[1] = 2;
  lights[2] = 1;
  lights[3]   = 1;
  lights[4] = 2;
  lights[5] = 1;
  lights[6] = 1;
  lights[7]   = 2;
  lights[8] = 1;
}

void refreshDisplay() {
  byte1 = 0;
   byte2 = 0;
  byte3 = 0;
  if (lights[0] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000001;}
   if (lights[1] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000010;}
  if (lights[2] == 1){byte1   = byte1 ^ B00000100;}
  if (lights[3] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00001000;}
  if   (lights[4] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00010000;}
  if (lights[5] == 1){byte1 = byte1   ^ B00100000;}
  if (lights[6] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B01000000;}
  if (lights[7]   == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B10000000;}
  if (lights[8] == 1){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000001;}

   if (lights[0] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000010;}
  if (lights[1] == 2){byte2   = byte2 ^ B00000100;}
  if (lights[2] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00001000;}
  if   (lights[3] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00010000;}
  if (lights[4] == 2){byte2 = byte2   ^ B00100000;}
  if (lights[5] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B01000000;}
  if (lights[6]   == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B10000000;}
  if (lights[7] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000001;}
   if (lights[8] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000010;}

  setLEDs();
}

void   setLEDs(){
  digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST,   byte3);
  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte2);
  shiftOut(dataPin,   clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte1);
  digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
}

void   playTickTackToe() {
  int gameState = 1;
  clearBoard();
  while (gameState   == 1) {
    button = -1;
    refreshDisplay();
    button = getButtonPush();
     if (lights[button] == 0) {
      lights[button] = 1;
      gameState =   checkForWin();
      refreshDisplay();
      if (gameState == 1) {
        delay(500);
         computerMove();
        refreshDisplay();
        gameState = checkForWin();
       }
    }
  }
  showWinner(gameState);
  clearBoard();
  refreshDisplay();
   delay(2000);
  gameState = 0;
  gameSelected = 0;
}

void showWinner(int   gameState) {
  flash[0] = lights[0];
  flash[1] = lights[1];
  flash[2]   = lights[2];
  flash[3] = lights[3];
  flash[4] = lights[4];
  flash[5]   = lights[5];
  flash[6] = lights[6];
  flash[7] = lights[7];
  flash[8]   = lights[8];
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] ==   player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
  if (lights[3] == player   && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5]   = 0; }
  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)   { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3]   == player && lights[6] == player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
   if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[7] == player) { flash[1]   = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5] ==   player && lights[8] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
   if (lights[0] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { flash[0]   = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == player && lights[4] ==   player && lights[6] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
   if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer && lights[2] == computer) {   flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]   == computer && lights[5] == computer) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5] = 0;   }
  if (lights[6] == computer && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer)   { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == computer &&   lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6]   = 0; }
  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)   { flash[1] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == computer &&   lights[5] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8]   = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[8] == computer)   { flash[0] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == computer &&   lights[4] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6]   = 0; }
  swapLightsAndFlash();
  refreshDisplay();
  for (int i = 0; i   < 20; i++) {
    delay(200);
    swapLightsAndFlash();
    refreshDisplay();
   }
}

void swapLightsAndFlash() {
  int temp[] = {lights[0], lights[1],   lights[2], lights[3], lights[4], lights[5], lights[6], lights[7], lights[8]};
   lights[0] = flash[0];
  lights[1] = flash[1];
  lights[2] = flash[2];
   lights[3] = flash[3];
  lights[4] = flash[4];
  lights[5] = flash[5];
   lights[6] = flash[6];
  lights[7] = flash[7];
  lights[8] = flash[8];
   flash[0] = temp[0];
  flash[1] = temp[1];
  flash[2] = temp[2];
  flash[3]   = temp[3];
  flash[4] = temp[4];
  flash[5] = temp[5];
  flash[6] = temp[6];
   flash[7] = temp[7];
  flash[8] = temp[8];
}

void computerMove() {
   int bias[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
  int bestMove = -1;
  int topBias   = 0;
  // can computer win
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 1, 2);
   bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 4, 8);
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0,   3, 6);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1, 0, 2);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1,   4, 7);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 0, 1);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2,   4, 6);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 5, 8);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3,   0, 6);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3, 4, 5);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,   0, 8);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 1, 7);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,   2, 6);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 3, 5);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5,   2, 8);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5, 3, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,   0, 3);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6, 2, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,   7, 8);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7, 1, 4);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7,   6, 8);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 0, 4);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8,   2, 5);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 6, 7);
  // can computer stop the   human from winning
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 1, 2);
  bias[0] =   bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 4, 8);
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 3, 6);
   bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1, 0, 2);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1,   4, 7);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 0, 1);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2,   4, 6);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 5, 8);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3,   0, 6);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3, 4, 5);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,   0, 8);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 1, 7);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,   2, 6);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 3, 5);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5,   2, 8);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5, 3, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,   0, 3);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6, 2, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,   7, 8);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7, 1, 4);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7,   6, 8);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 0, 4);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8,   2, 5);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 6, 7);
  // add a small random   value to each possible move
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
    if (lights[i]   == 0) {
      bias[i] = bias[i] + random(1, 5);
    }
  }
  // get best   move
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
    if (bias[i] > topBias) {
      topBias   = bias[i];
      bestMove = i;
    }
  }
  // make move
  if (bestMove   != -1) {
    lights[bestMove] = computer;
  }
}

int getBiasWin(int   thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
  if (lights[thisPosition]   == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == computer && lights[checkPosition2] == computer)   {
    return 100;
  }
  else {
    return 0;
  }
}

int   getBiasStop(int thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
  if   (lights[thisPosition] == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == player && lights[checkPosition2]   == player) {
    return 20;
  }
  else {
    return 0;
  }
}

int   checkForWin() {
  int winState = 1;
  // check for player win
  if (lights[0]   == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] == player) { winState = 11; }
   if (lights[3] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { winState   = 11; }
  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)   { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3] == player && lights[6]   == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player   && lights[7] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5]   == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[0] == player   && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[2]   == player && lights[4] == player && lights[6] == player) { winState = 11; }
   // check for computer win
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer   && lights[2] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]   == computer && lights[5] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[6] == computer   && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[0]   == computer && lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12;   }
  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)   { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[5] == computer && lights[8]   == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer   && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[4]   == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  // check for draw
   int draw = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
    if (lights[i] == 0) {
       draw = 0;
    }
  }
  if (draw == 1) {
    winState = 13;
   }
  return winState;
}

void clearBoard() {
  for (int i = 0; i   < 9; i++) {
    lights[i] = 0;
  }
}

void playLightsOut() {
   int gameState = 1;
  int lit = 0;
  resetBoard();
  while (gameState   == 1) {
    button = -1;
    lit = 0;
    refreshDisplay(); 
    button   = getButtonPush();
    if (lights[button] == 1) {
      switch (button) {
         case 0:
          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
          lights[1]   = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          break;
        case 1:
          lights[0]   = abs(lights[0] - 1);
          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[2]   = abs(lights[2] - 1);
          break;
        case 2:
          lights[1]   = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          break;
         case 3:
          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
          lights[3]   = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
          break;
         case 4:
          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[3]   = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[4] = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[5]   = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          break;
         case 5:
          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
          lights[5]   = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
          break;
         case 6:
          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
          lights[7]   = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          break;
        case 7:
          lights[6]   = abs(lights[6] - 1);
          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          lights[8]   = abs(lights[8] - 1);
          break;
        case 8:
          lights[4]   = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          lights[7]   = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
      }
     }
    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
      if (lights[i] == 1) {
        lit++;
       }
    }
    if (lit == 0) {
      gameState = 0;
      gameSelected   = 0;
      delay(200);
      victoryDisplay();
    }
    delay(50);
   }
}

void resetBoard() {
  int lit = 0;
  randomSeed(analogRead(5));
   while (lit < 3 || lit > 5) {
    lit = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)   {
      lights[i] = random(2);
      if (lights[i] == 1) {
        lit++;
       }
    }
  }
}

void victoryDisplay() {
  victoryItem(0,   0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
    victoryItem(0,   1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
    victoryItem(0,   0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
  }
   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    victoryItem(2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
     victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,   2, 2, 2);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
  }
  for (int i   = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0,   1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1);
    victoryItem(0,   1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
    victoryItem(2,   0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2);
    victoryItem(0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0);
    victoryItem(0,   0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
  }
}

void   victoryItem(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5, int i6, int i7, int   i8) {
  lights[0] = i0;
  lights[1] = i1;
  lights[2] = i2;
  lights[3]   = i3;
  lights[4] = i4;
  lights[5] = i5;
  lights[6] = i6;
  lights[7]   = i7;
  lights[8] = i8;
  refreshDisplay();
  delay(100);
}

Buttons

arduino

Used to help set up the buttons array in the main program.

1/*
2  Tic Tac Toe Buttons
3  Reads analogue input and outputs it to   the serial monitor.
4*/
5
6float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,   0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10}; // standard voltage for each button plus minimum   value at the end
7float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for button detection
8
9int   button; // number (0-8) of button pressed
10
11void setup() {
12  // set boundaries   for button voltages
13  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
14    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]   - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
15  }
16  // enable serial port for debug monitoring
17   Serial.begin(9600);
18}
19
20void loop() {
21  button = getButton();
22  delay(500);
23}
24
25int   getButton() {
26  int sensorValue;
27  float inputVoltage;
28  button = -1;
29   
30  // read input value and convert to voltage
31  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
32   inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
33  
34  // convert to button number
35   if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
36    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
37      if (boundaries[i]   < inputVoltage){
38        button = i;
39      }
40    }
41  }
42
43//  if   (button > -1){
44    Serial.print(inputVoltage);
45    Serial.print("v = button   ");
46    Serial.println(button);
47//  }
48
49  return button;
50}
51
52

/*
  Tic Tac Toe Buttons
  Reads analogue input and outputs it to   the serial monitor.
*/

float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,   0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10}; // standard voltage for each button plus minimum   value at the end
float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for button detection

int   button; // number (0-8) of button pressed

void setup() {
  // set boundaries   for button voltages
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]   - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
  }
  // enable serial port for debug monitoring
   Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  button = getButton();
  delay(500);
}

int   getButton() {
  int sensorValue;
  float inputVoltage;
  button = -1;
   
  // read input value and convert to voltage
  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
   inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  
  // convert to button number
   if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
      if (boundaries[i]   < inputVoltage){
        button = i;
      }
    }
  }

//  if   (button > -1){
    Serial.print(inputVoltage);
    Serial.print("v = button   ");
    Serial.println(button);
//  }

  return button;
}

Tic Tac Toe and Lights Out Game Code

arduino

Main game code

1// ####################################
2// #                                  #
3//  #  Tic Tac Toe & Lights Out Games  #
4// #                                  #
5//  #           for  Arduino           #
6// #                                  #
7//  #           by Mark 2013           #
8// #                                  #
9//  #  Details on Arduino Project Hub  #
10// #                                  #
11//  ####################################
12
13// global constants
14const int player  = 1;
15const int computer = 2;
16
17// global variables
18// variables for buttons
19//  voltage for each button pressed, measured with multimeter, 10th value is minimum  value for boundary setting
20float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,  0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10};
21float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for  button detection
22
23int button; // last button pressed (0-8)
24
25// light  variables
26int lights[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // 0 = off, 1 = red, 2  = green
27int flash[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // used for flashing winning  line in tic tac toe game
28
29// game variables
30int gameSelected = 0; // 0  = none, 1 = tic tac toe, 2 = lights out
31
32// shift register variables
33int  latchPin = 8;
34int clockPin = 12;
35int dataPin = 11;
36
37// binary LED values
38int  byte1 = 0;
39int byte2 = 0;
40int byte3 = 0;
41
42void setup() {
43  // set  pins for shift registers
44  pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
45  pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);  
46  pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);
47
48  // set boundaries for button voltages
49  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
50    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]  - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
51  }
52
53  // enable serial port
54  Serial.begin(9600);
55}
56
57void  loop() {
58  button = getButtonPush();
59  // menu selection
60  if (gameSelected  == 0){
61    displayMenu();
62    if (button == 0 || button == 2 || button ==  3 || button == 5 || button == 6 || button == 8){
63      gameSelected = 1;
64    }
65    if (button == 1 || button == 4 || button == 7){
66      gameSelected  = 2;
67    }
68  }
69// game 1, tic tac toe
70  if (gameSelected == 1){
71    playTickTackToe();
72  }
73  
74// game 2, lights out
75  if (gameSelected  == 2){
76    playLightsOut();
77  }
78  refreshDisplay();
79  delay(50);
80}
81
82int  getButtonPush() {
83  int sensorValue;
84  float inputVoltage;
85  int pressed  = -1;
86  
87  // read input value and convert to voltage
88  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
89  inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
90  
91  // convert to button number
92  if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
93    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
94      if (boundaries[i]  < inputVoltage){
95        pressed = i;
96      }
97    }
98    // wait until  button is released before returning
99    while (inputVoltage > 0.1){
100      sensorValue  = analogRead(A0);
101      inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
102    }
103  }
104  return pressed;
105}
106
107void displayMenu() {
108  // set led pattern  for menu
109  lights[0] = 1;
110  lights[1] = 2;
111  lights[2] = 1;
112  lights[3]  = 1;
113  lights[4] = 2;
114  lights[5] = 1;
115  lights[6] = 1;
116  lights[7]  = 2;
117  lights[8] = 1;
118}
119
120void refreshDisplay() {
121  byte1 = 0;
122  byte2 = 0;
123  byte3 = 0;
124  if (lights[0] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000001;}
125  if (lights[1] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000010;}
126  if (lights[2] == 1){byte1  = byte1 ^ B00000100;}
127  if (lights[3] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00001000;}
128  if  (lights[4] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00010000;}
129  if (lights[5] == 1){byte1 = byte1  ^ B00100000;}
130  if (lights[6] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B01000000;}
131  if (lights[7]  == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B10000000;}
132  if (lights[8] == 1){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000001;}
133
134  if (lights[0] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000010;}
135  if (lights[1] == 2){byte2  = byte2 ^ B00000100;}
136  if (lights[2] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00001000;}
137  if  (lights[3] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00010000;}
138  if (lights[4] == 2){byte2 = byte2  ^ B00100000;}
139  if (lights[5] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B01000000;}
140  if (lights[6]  == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B10000000;}
141  if (lights[7] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000001;}
142  if (lights[8] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000010;}
143
144  setLEDs();
145}
146
147void  setLEDs(){
148  digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
149  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST,  byte3);
150  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte2);
151  shiftOut(dataPin,  clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte1);
152  digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
153}
154
155void  playTickTackToe() {
156  int gameState = 1;
157  clearBoard();
158  while (gameState  == 1) {
159    button = -1;
160    refreshDisplay();
161    button = getButtonPush();
162    if (lights[button] == 0) {
163      lights[button] = 1;
164      gameState =  checkForWin();
165      refreshDisplay();
166      if (gameState == 1) {
167        delay(500);
168        computerMove();
169        refreshDisplay();
170        gameState = checkForWin();
171      }
172    }
173  }
174  showWinner(gameState);
175  clearBoard();
176  refreshDisplay();
177  delay(2000);
178  gameState = 0;
179  gameSelected = 0;
180}
181
182void showWinner(int  gameState) {
183  flash[0] = lights[0];
184  flash[1] = lights[1];
185  flash[2]  = lights[2];
186  flash[3] = lights[3];
187  flash[4] = lights[4];
188  flash[5]  = lights[5];
189  flash[6] = lights[6];
190  flash[7] = lights[7];
191  flash[8]  = lights[8];
192  if (lights[0] == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] ==  player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
193  if (lights[3] == player  && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5]  = 0; }
194  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)  { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
195  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3]  == player && lights[6] == player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
196  if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[7] == player) { flash[1]  = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
197  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5] ==  player && lights[8] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
198  if (lights[0] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { flash[0]  = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
199  if (lights[2] == player && lights[4] ==  player && lights[6] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
200  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer && lights[2] == computer) {  flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
201  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]  == computer && lights[5] == computer) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5] = 0;  }
202  if (lights[6] == computer && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer)  { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
203  if (lights[0] == computer &&  lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6]  = 0; }
204  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)  { flash[1] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
205  if (lights[2] == computer &&  lights[5] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8]  = 0; }
206  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[8] == computer)  { flash[0] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
207  if (lights[2] == computer &&  lights[4] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6]  = 0; }
208  swapLightsAndFlash();
209  refreshDisplay();
210  for (int i = 0; i  < 20; i++) {
211    delay(200);
212    swapLightsAndFlash();
213    refreshDisplay();
214  }
215}
216
217void swapLightsAndFlash() {
218  int temp[] = {lights[0], lights[1],  lights[2], lights[3], lights[4], lights[5], lights[6], lights[7], lights[8]};
219  lights[0] = flash[0];
220  lights[1] = flash[1];
221  lights[2] = flash[2];
222  lights[3] = flash[3];
223  lights[4] = flash[4];
224  lights[5] = flash[5];
225  lights[6] = flash[6];
226  lights[7] = flash[7];
227  lights[8] = flash[8];
228  flash[0] = temp[0];
229  flash[1] = temp[1];
230  flash[2] = temp[2];
231  flash[3]  = temp[3];
232  flash[4] = temp[4];
233  flash[5] = temp[5];
234  flash[6] = temp[6];
235  flash[7] = temp[7];
236  flash[8] = temp[8];
237}
238
239void computerMove() {
240  int bias[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
241  int bestMove = -1;
242  int topBias  = 0;
243  // can computer win
244  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 1, 2);
245  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 4, 8);
246  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0,  3, 6);
247  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1, 0, 2);
248  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1,  4, 7);
249  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 0, 1);
250  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2,  4, 6);
251  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 5, 8);
252  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3,  0, 6);
253  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3, 4, 5);
254  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,  0, 8);
255  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 1, 7);
256  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,  2, 6);
257  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 3, 5);
258  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5,  2, 8);
259  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5, 3, 4);
260  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,  0, 3);
261  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6, 2, 4);
262  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,  7, 8);
263  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7, 1, 4);
264  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7,  6, 8);
265  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 0, 4);
266  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8,  2, 5);
267  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 6, 7);
268  // can computer stop the  human from winning
269  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 1, 2);
270  bias[0] =  bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 4, 8);
271  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 3, 6);
272  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1, 0, 2);
273  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1,  4, 7);
274  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 0, 1);
275  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2,  4, 6);
276  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 5, 8);
277  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3,  0, 6);
278  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3, 4, 5);
279  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,  0, 8);
280  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 1, 7);
281  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,  2, 6);
282  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 3, 5);
283  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5,  2, 8);
284  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5, 3, 4);
285  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,  0, 3);
286  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6, 2, 4);
287  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,  7, 8);
288  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7, 1, 4);
289  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7,  6, 8);
290  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 0, 4);
291  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8,  2, 5);
292  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 6, 7);
293  // add a small random  value to each possible move
294  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
295    if (lights[i]  == 0) {
296      bias[i] = bias[i] + random(1, 5);
297    }
298  }
299  // get best  move
300  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
301    if (bias[i] > topBias) {
302      topBias  = bias[i];
303      bestMove = i;
304    }
305  }
306  // make move
307  if (bestMove  != -1) {
308    lights[bestMove] = computer;
309  }
310}
311
312int getBiasWin(int  thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
313  if (lights[thisPosition]  == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == computer && lights[checkPosition2] == computer)  {
314    return 100;
315  }
316  else {
317    return 0;
318  }
319}
320
321int  getBiasStop(int thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
322  if  (lights[thisPosition] == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == player && lights[checkPosition2]  == player) {
323    return 20;
324  }
325  else {
326    return 0;
327  }
328}
329
330int  checkForWin() {
331  int winState = 1;
332  // check for player win
333  if (lights[0]  == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] == player) { winState = 11; }
334  if (lights[3] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { winState  = 11; }
335  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)  { winState = 11; }
336  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3] == player && lights[6]  == player) { winState = 11; }
337  if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player  && lights[7] == player) { winState = 11; }
338  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5]  == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
339  if (lights[0] == player  && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
340  if (lights[2]  == player && lights[4] == player && lights[6] == player) { winState = 11; }
341  // check for computer win
342  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer  && lights[2] == computer) { winState = 12; }
343  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]  == computer && lights[5] == computer) { winState = 12; }
344  if (lights[6] == computer  && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
345  if (lights[0]  == computer && lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12;  }
346  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)  { winState = 12; }
347  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[5] == computer && lights[8]  == computer) { winState = 12; }
348  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer  && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
349  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[4]  == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12; }
350  // check for draw
351  int draw = 1;
352  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
353    if (lights[i] == 0) {
354      draw = 0;
355    }
356  }
357  if (draw == 1) {
358    winState = 13;
359  }
360  return winState;
361}
362
363void clearBoard() {
364  for (int i = 0; i  < 9; i++) {
365    lights[i] = 0;
366  }
367}
368
369void playLightsOut() {
370  int gameState = 1;
371  int lit = 0;
372  resetBoard();
373  while (gameState  == 1) {
374    button = -1;
375    lit = 0;
376    refreshDisplay(); 
377    button  = getButtonPush();
378    if (lights[button] == 1) {
379      switch (button) {
380        case 0:
381          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
382          lights[1]  = abs(lights[1] - 1);
383          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
384          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
385          break;
386        case 1:
387          lights[0]  = abs(lights[0] - 1);
388          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
389          lights[2]  = abs(lights[2] - 1);
390          break;
391        case 2:
392          lights[1]  = abs(lights[1] - 1);
393          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
394          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
395          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
396          break;
397        case 3:
398          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
399          lights[3]  = abs(lights[3] - 1);
400          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
401          break;
402        case 4:
403          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
404          lights[3]  = abs(lights[3] - 1);
405          lights[4] = abs(lights[4] - 1);
406          lights[5]  = abs(lights[5] - 1);
407          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
408          break;
409        case 5:
410          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
411          lights[5]  = abs(lights[5] - 1);
412          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
413          break;
414        case 6:
415          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
416          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
417          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
418          lights[7]  = abs(lights[7] - 1);
419          break;
420        case 7:
421          lights[6]  = abs(lights[6] - 1);
422          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
423          lights[8]  = abs(lights[8] - 1);
424          break;
425        case 8:
426          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
427          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
428          lights[7]  = abs(lights[7] - 1);
429          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
430      }
431    }
432    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
433      if (lights[i] == 1) {
434        lit++;
435      }
436    }
437    if (lit == 0) {
438      gameState = 0;
439      gameSelected  = 0;
440      delay(200);
441      victoryDisplay();
442    }
443    delay(50);
444  }
445}
446
447void resetBoard() {
448  int lit = 0;
449  randomSeed(analogRead(5));
450  while (lit < 3 || lit > 5) {
451    lit = 0;
452    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)  {
453      lights[i] = random(2);
454      if (lights[i] == 1) {
455        lit++;
456      }
457    }
458  }
459}
460
461void victoryDisplay() {
462  victoryItem(0,  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
463  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
464    victoryItem(0,  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
465    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
466    victoryItem(0,  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0);
467    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
468  }
469  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
470    victoryItem(2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
471    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
472    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  2, 2, 2);
473    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
474  }
475  for (int i  = 0; i < 4; i++) {
476    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
477    victoryItem(0,  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
478    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1);
479    victoryItem(0,  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
480  }
481  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
482    victoryItem(2,  0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2);
483    victoryItem(0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0);
484    victoryItem(0,  0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0);
485    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
486  }
487}
488
489void  victoryItem(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5, int i6, int i7, int  i8) {
490  lights[0] = i0;
491  lights[1] = i1;
492  lights[2] = i2;
493  lights[3]  = i3;
494  lights[4] = i4;
495  lights[5] = i5;
496  lights[6] = i6;
497  lights[7]  = i7;
498  lights[8] = i8;
499  refreshDisplay();
500  delay(100);
501}
502

// ####################################
// #                                  #
//  #  Tic Tac Toe & Lights Out Games  #
// #                                  #
//  #           for  Arduino           #
// #                                  #
//  #           by Mark 2013           #
// #                                  #
//  #  Details on Arduino Project Hub  #
// #                                  #
//  ####################################

// global constants
const int player  = 1;
const int computer = 2;

// global variables
// variables for buttons
//  voltage for each button pressed, measured with multimeter, 10th value is minimum  value for boundary setting
float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,  0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10};
float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for  button detection

int button; // last button pressed (0-8)

// light  variables
int lights[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // 0 = off, 1 = red, 2  = green
int flash[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; // used for flashing winning  line in tic tac toe game

// game variables
int gameSelected = 0; // 0  = none, 1 = tic tac toe, 2 = lights out

// shift register variables
int  latchPin = 8;
int clockPin = 12;
int dataPin = 11;

// binary LED values
int  byte1 = 0;
int byte2 = 0;
int byte3 = 0;

void setup() {
  // set  pins for shift registers
  pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(dataPin, OUTPUT);  
  pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT);

  // set boundaries for button voltages
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]  - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
  }

  // enable serial port
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void  loop() {
  button = getButtonPush();
  // menu selection
  if (gameSelected  == 0){
    displayMenu();
    if (button == 0 || button == 2 || button ==  3 || button == 5 || button == 6 || button == 8){
      gameSelected = 1;
    }
    if (button == 1 || button == 4 || button == 7){
      gameSelected  = 2;
    }
  }
// game 1, tic tac toe
  if (gameSelected == 1){
    playTickTackToe();
  }
  
// game 2, lights out
  if (gameSelected  == 2){
    playLightsOut();
  }
  refreshDisplay();
  delay(50);
}

int  getButtonPush() {
  int sensorValue;
  float inputVoltage;
  int pressed  = -1;
  
  // read input value and convert to voltage
  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
  inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  
  // convert to button number
  if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
      if (boundaries[i]  < inputVoltage){
        pressed = i;
      }
    }
    // wait until  button is released before returning
    while (inputVoltage > 0.1){
      sensorValue  = analogRead(A0);
      inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
    }
  }
  return pressed;
}

void displayMenu() {
  // set led pattern  for menu
  lights[0] = 1;
  lights[1] = 2;
  lights[2] = 1;
  lights[3]  = 1;
  lights[4] = 2;
  lights[5] = 1;
  lights[6] = 1;
  lights[7]  = 2;
  lights[8] = 1;
}

void refreshDisplay() {
  byte1 = 0;
  byte2 = 0;
  byte3 = 0;
  if (lights[0] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000001;}
  if (lights[1] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00000010;}
  if (lights[2] == 1){byte1  = byte1 ^ B00000100;}
  if (lights[3] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00001000;}
  if  (lights[4] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B00010000;}
  if (lights[5] == 1){byte1 = byte1  ^ B00100000;}
  if (lights[6] == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B01000000;}
  if (lights[7]  == 1){byte1 = byte1 ^ B10000000;}
  if (lights[8] == 1){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000001;}

  if (lights[0] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00000010;}
  if (lights[1] == 2){byte2  = byte2 ^ B00000100;}
  if (lights[2] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00001000;}
  if  (lights[3] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B00010000;}
  if (lights[4] == 2){byte2 = byte2  ^ B00100000;}
  if (lights[5] == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B01000000;}
  if (lights[6]  == 2){byte2 = byte2 ^ B10000000;}
  if (lights[7] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000001;}
  if (lights[8] == 2){byte3 = byte3 ^ B00000010;}

  setLEDs();
}

void  setLEDs(){
  digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST,  byte3);
  shiftOut(dataPin, clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte2);
  shiftOut(dataPin,  clockPin, MSBFIRST, byte1);
  digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
}

void  playTickTackToe() {
  int gameState = 1;
  clearBoard();
  while (gameState  == 1) {
    button = -1;
    refreshDisplay();
    button = getButtonPush();
    if (lights[button] == 0) {
      lights[button] = 1;
      gameState =  checkForWin();
      refreshDisplay();
      if (gameState == 1) {
        delay(500);
        computerMove();
        refreshDisplay();
        gameState = checkForWin();
      }
    }
  }
  showWinner(gameState);
  clearBoard();
  refreshDisplay();
  delay(2000);
  gameState = 0;
  gameSelected = 0;
}

void showWinner(int  gameState) {
  flash[0] = lights[0];
  flash[1] = lights[1];
  flash[2]  = lights[2];
  flash[3] = lights[3];
  flash[4] = lights[4];
  flash[5]  = lights[5];
  flash[6] = lights[6];
  flash[7] = lights[7];
  flash[8]  = lights[8];
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] ==  player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
  if (lights[3] == player  && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5]  = 0; }
  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)  { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3]  == player && lights[6] == player) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
  if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[7] == player) { flash[1]  = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5] ==  player && lights[8] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { flash[0]  = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == player && lights[4] ==  player && lights[6] == player) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6] = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer && lights[2] == computer) {  flash[0] = 0; flash[1] = 0; flash[2] = 0; }
  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]  == computer && lights[5] == computer) { flash[3] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[5] = 0;  }
  if (lights[6] == computer && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer)  { flash[6] = 0; flash[7] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == computer &&  lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[0] = 0; flash[3] = 0; flash[6]  = 0; }
  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)  { flash[1] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[7] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == computer &&  lights[5] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[5] = 0; flash[8]  = 0; }
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[8] == computer)  { flash[0] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[8] = 0; }
  if (lights[2] == computer &&  lights[4] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { flash[2] = 0; flash[4] = 0; flash[6]  = 0; }
  swapLightsAndFlash();
  refreshDisplay();
  for (int i = 0; i  < 20; i++) {
    delay(200);
    swapLightsAndFlash();
    refreshDisplay();
  }
}

void swapLightsAndFlash() {
  int temp[] = {lights[0], lights[1],  lights[2], lights[3], lights[4], lights[5], lights[6], lights[7], lights[8]};
  lights[0] = flash[0];
  lights[1] = flash[1];
  lights[2] = flash[2];
  lights[3] = flash[3];
  lights[4] = flash[4];
  lights[5] = flash[5];
  lights[6] = flash[6];
  lights[7] = flash[7];
  lights[8] = flash[8];
  flash[0] = temp[0];
  flash[1] = temp[1];
  flash[2] = temp[2];
  flash[3]  = temp[3];
  flash[4] = temp[4];
  flash[5] = temp[5];
  flash[6] = temp[6];
  flash[7] = temp[7];
  flash[8] = temp[8];
}

void computerMove() {
  int bias[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
  int bestMove = -1;
  int topBias  = 0;
  // can computer win
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 1, 2);
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0, 4, 8);
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasWin(0,  3, 6);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1, 0, 2);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasWin(1,  4, 7);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 0, 1);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2,  4, 6);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasWin(2, 5, 8);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3,  0, 6);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasWin(3, 4, 5);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,  0, 8);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 1, 7);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4,  2, 6);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasWin(4, 3, 5);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5,  2, 8);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasWin(5, 3, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,  0, 3);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6, 2, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasWin(6,  7, 8);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7, 1, 4);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasWin(7,  6, 8);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 0, 4);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8,  2, 5);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasWin(8, 6, 7);
  // can computer stop the  human from winning
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 1, 2);
  bias[0] =  bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 4, 8);
  bias[0] = bias[0] + getBiasStop(0, 3, 6);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1, 0, 2);
  bias[1] = bias[1] + getBiasStop(1,  4, 7);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 0, 1);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2,  4, 6);
  bias[2] = bias[2] + getBiasStop(2, 5, 8);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3,  0, 6);
  bias[3] = bias[3] + getBiasStop(3, 4, 5);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,  0, 8);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 1, 7);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4,  2, 6);
  bias[4] = bias[4] + getBiasStop(4, 3, 5);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5,  2, 8);
  bias[5] = bias[5] + getBiasStop(5, 3, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,  0, 3);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6, 2, 4);
  bias[6] = bias[6] + getBiasStop(6,  7, 8);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7, 1, 4);
  bias[7] = bias[7] + getBiasStop(7,  6, 8);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 0, 4);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8,  2, 5);
  bias[8] = bias[8] + getBiasStop(8, 6, 7);
  // add a small random  value to each possible move
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
    if (lights[i]  == 0) {
      bias[i] = bias[i] + random(1, 5);
    }
  }
  // get best  move
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
    if (bias[i] > topBias) {
      topBias  = bias[i];
      bestMove = i;
    }
  }
  // make move
  if (bestMove  != -1) {
    lights[bestMove] = computer;
  }
}

int getBiasWin(int  thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
  if (lights[thisPosition]  == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == computer && lights[checkPosition2] == computer)  {
    return 100;
  }
  else {
    return 0;
  }
}

int  getBiasStop(int thisPosition, int checkPosition1, int checkPosition2) {
  if  (lights[thisPosition] == 0 && lights[checkPosition1] == player && lights[checkPosition2]  == player) {
    return 20;
  }
  else {
    return 0;
  }
}

int  checkForWin() {
  int winState = 1;
  // check for player win
  if (lights[0]  == player && lights[1] == player && lights[2] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[3] == player && lights[4] == player && lights[5] == player) { winState  = 11; }
  if (lights[6] == player && lights[7] == player && lights[8] == player)  { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[0] == player && lights[3] == player && lights[6]  == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[1] == player && lights[4] == player  && lights[7] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[2] == player && lights[5]  == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[0] == player  && lights[4] == player && lights[8] == player) { winState = 11; }
  if (lights[2]  == player && lights[4] == player && lights[6] == player) { winState = 11; }
  // check for computer win
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[1] == computer  && lights[2] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[3] == computer && lights[4]  == computer && lights[5] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[6] == computer  && lights[7] == computer && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[0]  == computer && lights[3] == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12;  }
  if (lights[1] == computer && lights[4] == computer && lights[7] == computer)  { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[5] == computer && lights[8]  == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[0] == computer && lights[4] == computer  && lights[8] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  if (lights[2] == computer && lights[4]  == computer && lights[6] == computer) { winState = 12; }
  // check for draw
  int draw = 1;
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
    if (lights[i] == 0) {
      draw = 0;
    }
  }
  if (draw == 1) {
    winState = 13;
  }
  return winState;
}

void clearBoard() {
  for (int i = 0; i  < 9; i++) {
    lights[i] = 0;
  }
}

void playLightsOut() {
  int gameState = 1;
  int lit = 0;
  resetBoard();
  while (gameState  == 1) {
    button = -1;
    lit = 0;
    refreshDisplay(); 
    button  = getButtonPush();
    if (lights[button] == 1) {
      switch (button) {
        case 0:
          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
          lights[1]  = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          break;
        case 1:
          lights[0]  = abs(lights[0] - 1);
          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[2]  = abs(lights[2] - 1);
          break;
        case 2:
          lights[1]  = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          break;
        case 3:
          lights[0] = abs(lights[0] - 1);
          lights[3]  = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
          break;
        case 4:
          lights[1] = abs(lights[1] - 1);
          lights[3]  = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[4] = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[5]  = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          break;
        case 5:
          lights[2] = abs(lights[2] - 1);
          lights[5]  = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
          break;
        case 6:
          lights[3] = abs(lights[3] - 1);
          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[6] = abs(lights[6] - 1);
          lights[7]  = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          break;
        case 7:
          lights[6]  = abs(lights[6] - 1);
          lights[7] = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          lights[8]  = abs(lights[8] - 1);
          break;
        case 8:
          lights[4]  = abs(lights[4] - 1);
          lights[5] = abs(lights[5] - 1);
          lights[7]  = abs(lights[7] - 1);
          lights[8] = abs(lights[8] - 1);
      }
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
      if (lights[i] == 1) {
        lit++;
      }
    }
    if (lit == 0) {
      gameState = 0;
      gameSelected  = 0;
      delay(200);
      victoryDisplay();
    }
    delay(50);
  }
}

void resetBoard() {
  int lit = 0;
  randomSeed(analogRead(5));
  while (lit < 3 || lit > 5) {
    lit = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++)  {
      lights[i] = random(2);
      if (lights[i] == 1) {
        lit++;
      }
    }
  }
}

void victoryDisplay() {
  victoryItem(0,  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
    victoryItem(0,  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1);
    victoryItem(0,  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    victoryItem(2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  2, 2, 2);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
  }
  for (int i  = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    victoryItem(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0,  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1);
    victoryItem(0,  1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
    victoryItem(2,  0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2);
    victoryItem(0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0);
    victoryItem(0,  0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0);
    victoryItem(0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0);
  }
}

void  victoryItem(int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int i4, int i5, int i6, int i7, int  i8) {
  lights[0] = i0;
  lights[1] = i1;
  lights[2] = i2;
  lights[3]  = i3;
  lights[4] = i4;
  lights[5] = i5;
  lights[6] = i6;
  lights[7]  = i7;
  lights[8] = i8;
  refreshDisplay();
  delay(100);
}

Buttons

arduino

Used to help set up the buttons array in the main program.

1/*
2  Tic Tac Toe Buttons
3  Reads analogue input and outputs it to  the serial monitor.
4*/
5
6float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,  0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10}; // standard voltage for each button plus minimum  value at the end
7float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for button detection
8
9int  button; // number (0-8) of button pressed
10
11void setup() {
12  // set boundaries  for button voltages
13  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
14    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]  - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
15  }
16  // enable serial port for debug monitoring
17  Serial.begin(9600);
18}
19
20void loop() {
21  button = getButton();
22  delay(500);
23}
24
25int  getButton() {
26  int sensorValue;
27  float inputVoltage;
28  button = -1;
29  
30  // read input value and convert to voltage
31  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
32  inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
33  
34  // convert to button number
35  if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
36    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
37      if (boundaries[i]  < inputVoltage){
38        button = i;
39      }
40    }
41  }
42
43//  if  (button > -1){
44    Serial.print(inputVoltage);
45    Serial.print("v = button  ");
46    Serial.println(button);
47//  }
48
49  return button;
50}
51
52

/*
  Tic Tac Toe Buttons
  Reads analogue input and outputs it to  the serial monitor.
*/

float voltages[] = {4.92, 2.47, 1.65, 1.24, 0.99,  0.82, 0.70, 0.62, 0.55, 0.10}; // standard voltage for each button plus minimum  value at the end
float boundaries[9]; // boundary voltages for button detection

int  button; // number (0-8) of button pressed

void setup() {
  // set boundaries  for button voltages
  for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
    boundaries[i] = voltages[i]-((voltages[i]  - voltages[i + 1]) / 2.0);
  }
  // enable serial port for debug monitoring
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  button = getButton();
  delay(500);
}

int  getButton() {
  int sensorValue;
  float inputVoltage;
  button = -1;
  
  // read input value and convert to voltage
  sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
  inputVoltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  
  // convert to button number
  if (inputVoltage > 0.1){
    for (int i = 8; i >= 0; i--){
      if (boundaries[i]  < inputVoltage){
        button = i;
      }
    }
  }

//  if  (button > -1){
    Serial.print(inputVoltage);
    Serial.print("v = button  ");
    Serial.println(button);
//  }

  return button;
}

Downloadable files

Circuit diagram

Documentation

Baseplate

DXF file of the baseplate, laser or hand cut from 2mm material.

Baseplate

Mounting plate

Plate for mounting the swithes and LEDs into, laser or hand cut from 2mm material.

Mounting plate

Plate for mounting the swithes and LEDs into, laser or hand cut from 2mm material.

Mounting plate

Baseplate

DXF file of the baseplate, laser or hand cut from 2mm material.

Baseplate

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